Today’s “crisis in water and sanitation is—above all—a crisis of the poor,” says the UN Development Program study: “Beyond Scarcity: Power, Poverty and the Water Crisis.” “No intervention has greater overall impact upon national development and public health than the provision of safe drinking water and proper disposal of human waste,” a report stated.
There are two ways malunggay seeds can treat water.
“Treatments with moringa solutions have been found to remove 90 [percent] to 99.9 percent of the impurities in water.” In general, one malunggay seed kernel can treat 1 liter of water.
Here’s how to use malunggay seeds in treating water.
Shell the seeds (remove the seed coat) to obtain clean seed kernels; discard discolored seeds.
Mix the paste and once cup of clean water into a bottle and shake for one minute to activate the coagulant properties and form a solution.
When the particles and contaminants have settled to the bottom, the clean water can be carefully poured off.
Let it cool for few more minutes before drinking the water.
“First, the process of shaking and stirring must be followed closely to activate the coagulant properties; if the flocculation process takes too long, there is a risk of secondary bacteria growth during flocculation,” the Echo says.
It is acceptable for drinking only where people are currently drinking untreated, contaminated water.” Meanwhile, election is fast approaching.

Rain and snow has returned to California, ending the record-setting drought with record-setting precipitation.
The drought led to forest fires, dead orchards, and brown lawns.
It also took a big bite out of ratepayers’ wallets and increased global warming emissions, due to the loss of low-cost, zero-emission hydropower.
In a study released April 26 by Peter Gleick—a noted water expert at the Pacific Institute in Oakland—researchers found that lower hydropower production cost California ratepayers almost $2.5 billion in higher power prices, and may have raised power sector carbon dioxide emissions 10%, due to increased output from gas-fired generators.
Gleick’s team used data through September 2016 to calculate the figures.
California has 14 GW of hydro capacity, with little growth in recent decades due to environmental, economic, and political constraints.
Hydro output dropped by two-thirds between 2011 and 2016, losing a total of 65,600 GWh of low-cost, zero-emission electricity over the five-year drought.
According to Gleick’s report, the drop in hydroelectricity output was replaced by burning more natural gas, more imports from out-of-state sources, and growing levels of other renewable generation, especially wind and solar.
Retail power demand was almost completely flat through the drought, with a 3% dip in 2016.
To calculate the higher cost, Gleick first found the marginal cost of replacement power during the drought, which averaged $35/MWh.

Report: Drought increased California’s electricity costs by $2.45 billion.
(KGTV)–California’s latest drought lead to an increase in electricity costs in the billions of dollars and contributed to an increase in carbon dioxide emissions, according to a new report released today by the Pacific Institute.
The report assessed the costs of lost hydro-electricity to California during the severe, five-year drought and found: An increase in electricity costs of $2.45 billion Ten percent boost in carbon dioxide emissions from California power plants "The recent drought was the driest and hottest in 120 years of instrumental records and one of the worst in California history, and it had impacts on all water users including farmers, industries, cities and natural ecosystems," report author Peter Gleick said.
"And, in fact, all California ratepayers were affected by the drought as they paid for electricity that was both dirtier and more expensive than in non-drought years."
The loss of hydroelectricity during the drought led to the additional combustion of fossil fuels for electric generation, the report claims.
Carbon dioxide emissions are the leading cause of climate change.
Sandy Coronilla is a KGTV digital producer.
Follow her @10NewsSandy

Californians paid for the drought in many ways.
The impact on bills wasn’t enormous in the scheme of things: Last year alone Californians spent almost $39 billion on electricity, according to federal data.
Carbon emissions from the state’s power plants rose by 10 percent during the drought as utilities shifted to conventional sources like natural gas, the study said.
Although state officials say utilities are making progress toward meeting California’s mandates on reducing emissions and increasing the use of renewable power sources, Gleick said the hydro shortage represented a temporary setback.
That created cost impacts.
Pacific Gas and Electric Co. raised rates 1.5 percent in 2014 to reflect the lack of hydro.
Roseville Electric, the city-owned utility, imposed a 2 percent drought surcharge in 2014.
PG&E’s rate increase for this year, which reflects last year’s costs, was dialed back to 0.25 percent.
Officials with the utilities said the changes reflect a return to normal or near-normal conditions at their hydro plants.
For instance, SMUD’s system of reservoirs and power plants on the American River has generated twice as much power this year as it did in all of 2015, said SMUD spokesman Chris Capra.

It increased electricity bills statewide by $2.45 billion and boosted levels of smog and greenhouse gases, according to a new study released Wednesday.
“The drought has cost us in ways we didn’t necessarily anticipate or think about.
From 1983 to 2013, an average of 18 percent of California’s in-state electricity generation came from hydroelectric power.
In the driest year, 2015, hydroelectric power made up just 7 percent of the electricity generated in California.
Although solar and wind power increased during the drought years, grid operators and other power managers still needed to boost electricity from natural gas-fired power plants.
He noted that in other dry years, hydroelectric power decreases and it has to be made up with other types of electricity.
The overall cost in higher power bills, $2.45 billion over five years, works out to be about $12 per person in California per year, or $60 during the entire drought, he said.
Ominously, 2014 was the hottest year ever recorded in California since modern temperature records were first taken in the late 1800s.
Then that record for statewide average temperature was broken in 2015.
Natural gas generated 60 percent, nuclear power 9 percent, hydroelectric power 7 percent and coal and other sources 1 percent.

Concerns about water quality and contamination have led to the decline of public water-fountain use and the rise of bottled alternatives.
If you were asked where the closest water fountain was, would you know?
Measuring the decline in water fountain use is impossible because the data isn’t tracked.
Little Risk of Illness The Pacific Institute’s “Drinking Fountains and Public Health” report found that there is little evidence tying illness to the water quality of the fountains at the point of use, and any problems can typically be traced to poor cleaning and maintenance of pipes.
“The real problem is with the infrastructure – older piping could have lead, which was the problem in Flint, Michigan, where the water picked up contaminants in the pipes.” It boils down to regular cleaning, testing, maintenance and repair, which are not done enough.
It suggests installing more fountains to increase public access to municipal water, and helping schools, parks and others rebuild confidence in using fountains through communications outreach.
In the rural desert region of Coachella Valley, advocacy groups including the California Endowment, have funded a new version of the traditional water fountain: water refilling stations.
Refilling stations look like slightly revamped water fountains that also allow for easily refilling reusable bottles.
They are meant to increase access to safe drinking water in communities where water quality is an issue, due to arsenic or other contaminants.
Refilling stations have been installed at the California Academy for Sciences, which does not sell bottled water, as well as in some area schools, parks and San Francisco International Airport.

NBC Bay Area The latest data from California’s Water Resources Control Board show 700,000 Californians are currently being exposed to contaminated water at home or at school.
In addition to those with contaminated water, another 3,511 California households reported having wells that are still dry according to state data released in January, 2017.
“We found that the majority of those drought impacted public water systems were serving disadvantaged communities.” Five years ago Jerry Brown signed legislation making California the first state in the nation to declare that access to clean, safe drinking water is a fundamental human right.
“They’re all in crisis,” Firestone said.
Having toxic water coming out of your tap, not being able to access water in schools, this is really basic.” State data shows 292 different California water systems currently contain levels of contaminants so high they violate safe drinking water standards.
“I think a lot of people forget that.” Tulare County resident Esperanza Venegas remembers when the well providing water for her family dried up last year.
In unincorporated East Porterville, thousands of residents have had no running water for nearly three years.
Though local and state officials recently began connecting some East Porterville residents to a nearby public water system, there are about 800 eligible homes still waiting to be hooked up.
"The public water systems have a lot of local control over the sources of water and how they manage it.
“We’ve got to be thinking about it if our goal is to get clean, safe and affordable drinking water to all Californians.” None of these efforts can come fast enough for residents struggling to get by with dry taps or contaminated water.