It’s unclear, however, how much contaminated water was consumed, whether public health officials correlated any health problems to the tainted water or whether people will have health problems down the road.
Health officials, from the federal level down to local authorities, also face budget constraints that can limit how they investigate, monitor, report and treat water contamination.
A News21 analysis of EPA data shows 63 million people were served by water systems that violated federal standards two or more times, sometimes for lead, copper, arsenic and cancer-causing poisons.
In 2016, when the EPA recognized the chemicals’ dangers and lowered acceptable PFOS levels by 65 percent, the city closed and later replaced the wells that were contaminating the water supply to all customers.
Researchers have linked the chemical to some cancers, high cholesterol and fetal development complications.
In another case, Indian River County Utilities, with about 109,286 customers, reported E. coli in the water in August 2015, according to the EPA and DEP.
There is no acceptable level for E. coli contamination.
But some of the contaminants show up in the water because people put them there.
That means state health officials don’t test or report on many contaminants that sicken people across the U.S. “I think health organizations declaring water as safe to drink is a bit reckless,” said Bowcock, the water treatment expert.
"It would be far easier and far less costly … if you put the burden on the sources of the chemicals — chemical agriculture and industrial chemical sources — that discharge their chemicals into water sources," Walker said.

Declassified files: Officials believed tycoon’s firm behind toxic water pollution.
Eddie Haughey, who would go on to become Lord Ballyedmond, engaged in a long-running and aggressive battle with officials over whether his business was responsible for toxic chemicals entering the sewage system.
The company’s use of water had increased massively, from 11,000 cubic metres in 1986 to 70,000 cubic metres in 1990 following a major expansion programme.
In a July 16 1991 letter to Mr Haughey, Department of the Environment permanent secretary J Murray asked to install an automatic sampler to test the firm’s discharges.
Mr Haughey phoned the department after the scientist, Mr Adamson, had been refused entry to claim that he had been “abusive to his staff”.
A departmental note said that the samples “provide evidence of a highly organic discharge to the sewer which was likely to be coming from Norbrook Laboratories although approximately 22 dwellings and a small car body repair shop are connected to the sewer upstream of the sample point in addition to the Norbrook factory”.
But Mr Haughey fought tooth and nail, threatening legal proceedings against the department, frequently writing to officials to dispute technical aspects of their request and then setting up a meeting with officials.
“Alternatively, Mr Haughey’s reticence in accepting that a consent is required or to permit sampling may have something to do with the fact that in samples taken outside the factory organic solvents have been identified.” He said that sampling on the site “could prove that prohibited substances are being discharged” which would either force Mr Haughey to pay an increased pollution charge or provide pre-treatment works at his own expense.
The documents are contained within volume one of the Norbrook File.
Volume two has not yet been declassified so the outcome is unclear.

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Second, there are cases where improving a firm’s social impact does not help financially.
Third, increasing wages or selecting suppliers with better environmental practices might bring a financial benefit in the long term; however, short-term pressures on the firm might make business leaders averse to making such investments.
My work so far has concentrated on the ESG issues where firm-level action is actually producing value both for the company and for a positive social impact.
With this paper, I am expanding the tent to incorporate ESG issues where that might not be the case, asking what is the role of investors in enabling companies to increase their social impact.
Silverthorne: What would be the incentives for companies competing in the same industry to cooperate?
Serafeim: I identify two characteristics of investors that are likely to engage with companies at the industry-level on issues of environmental and social importance: they have a long time horizon and a significant common ownership of companies within the same industry or supply chain.
Large index investors have built teams that engage with companies in their portfolios, and large asset owners have been among the leaders in engaging with companies on environmental and social issues.
In fact, I suggest that two other types of investors, socially responsible investment funds and individual investors, play a key role in addressing free-rider problems at the large institutional investor level (i.e., temptation of one asset manager to free ride on the engagement efforts of other asset managers) and providing direct incentives for engagement to large institutional investors.
Serafeim: There are many such collaborations around the world.
As more of these collaborations become effective, an increasing number of companies will be able to engage in activities that create a more positive social impact.

“Weight of Water” multimedia series at Fringe takes a look at state of water in our society.
“Weight of Water” is TangenT’s third project presented at the Fringe Festival.
According to Yvonne Love, a collaborator with TangenT, “Weight of Water” is still only in its early stages and will go through different iterations before producing the final product.
“This piece is very political, but it is also very personal,” said Love who was just a 9-year-old at the time of her sister’s passing.
Love has dealt with her sister’s death through her solo work over the years.
As Love explained, the CDC is in the midst of assessing the health of Warminster’s population, which includes the history of the naval base and chemical dumping, the toxicity level of the since closed wells, and the array of pervading illnesses in Warminster that could be linked to the chemicals, most notablyfrom Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS).
The community has also asked for blood tests to find out the level of chemicals in individual’s bloodstreams.
“Weight of Water” is the TangenT’s first exhibit that has direct, personal resonance with one of its members.
The art group has worked on a number of projects over the span of nearly 10 years, showcasing upward of 20 exhibits.
I’m involved with new media, but by way of sculpture and design.

Greens MP agrees with damning doco exposing NZ’s fresh water ‘pollution crisis’.
Source: On the release date of an international documentary that claims to expose New Zealand’s fresh water pollution crisis, Green Party MP Eugenie Sage has said the deteriorating health of our rivers is being dealt with "not nearly enough" urgency.
International news network Al Jazeera will this morning release the first of two-part documentary into NZ water – Polluted Paradise.
Source: Breakfast Speaking to Hilary Barry on TVNZ 1’s Breakfast today, Ms Sage would not go so far as to say that New Zealand’s "clean green" image was fraudulent, but did say it had to become "real".
"We’ve seen with the increase of intensive agriculture, increasing water pollution, rivers that aren’t swimmable, increasing nitrate in our aquifers, we can change that but we need to treat the issue with urgency," Ms Sage said.
"Seventy per cent of our exports depend on our our ‘clean green’ brand, our tourism industry does, we’ve got to make that image real, we’ve got to treat our water crisis with urgency."
The comments come as international news network Al Jazeera will this morning release the first of a two part documentary, called Polluted Paradise, about what it describes as New Zealand’s "fresh water crisis".
The documentary could reach an estimated audience of 40 million across the Arab world.
Polluted Paradise follows a similar documentary that debuted at the International Film Festival focusing on water quality issues in seven Canterbury rivers.

In south-central Thailand, villagers near the Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate, home to petrochemical plants, oil refineries and coal-fired power stations, worry that their water is heavily polluted.
Sometimes, the data was unavailable publicly or presented in a language communities could not understand.
When information was released, it was often poor, technical and did not meet local people’s demands, said the report issued on Wednesday.
“Access to information is really the foundation for any kind of meaningful public participation or accountability in environmental decision-making,” Elizabeth Moses, the report’s co-author, told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.
In Thailand and Mongolia, people who request information are asked to come to the environment ministry to pick it up, even though some live hours away and do not have the money or time to travel, added the WRI specialist in water governance.
“For the world’s poorest people, access to clean water means fewer outbreaks of deadly diseases, less time spent away from the classroom by children collecting water, and greater economic opportunities for women,” said the WRI report.
While all three countries the WRI report focuses on have comprehensive laws to disclose information, many do not indicate how information is to be made available or comprehensible to affected communities, the report said.
The Indonesian and Thai environment ministries did not respond to Thomson Reuters Foundation requests for comment.
The ministry will soon seek parliamentary approval for amendments to tighten up implementation of a 2012 law on fees for water pollution, he added.
The WRI report urged the three governments to set up national systems to collect and publish environmental information.

Water Contamination a Concern After Hurricane Harvey.
The Environmental Protection Agency is prioritizing search and rescue for those who were stranded by the storm, but federal and state environmental agencies in the Houston and Galveston areas may soon face contaminated drinking water and flooded wastewater plants.
The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality told Bloomberg BNA the agency would start removing debris once floodwaters recede.
Utility-owned facilities that remove contaminants from drinking water may be unusable if they’re inundated with floodwaters, according to Kevin Morley, a federal relations manager with the American Water Works Association who specializes in emergency preparedness.
But even if these facilities aren’t inundated, Morley told Bloomberg BNA, they may not have the power needed to run their pumps or an ability to get fuel for their generators.
Serious health problems can arise when a water utility loses power and its backup generators are damaged, according to Lara Zent, head of the Texas Rural Water Association.
Wastewater Backups Alan Roberson, head of the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators, said Texas’ drinking water treatment facilities may fare relatively well because these types of facilities are usually built on higher ground.
Morley said wastewater plants are designed with a bypass that allows water to flow directly through them during big storms that overwhelm their capacity.
Morley said Texas water officials will be able to rely on help from utilities in neighboring areas thanks to a program called the Water/Wastewater Agency Response Network, or WARN.
Additionally, EPA officials have been sent to Texas at the request of the state and are helping out in the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality’s drinking water phone bank, according to EPA spokeswoman Liz Bowman.

Water Contamination a Concern After Hurricane Harvey.
The Environmental Protection Agency is prioritizing search and rescue for those who were stranded by the storm, but federal and state environmental agencies in the Houston and Galveston areas may soon face contaminated drinking water and flooded wastewater plants.
The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality told Bloomberg BNA the agency would start removing debris once floodwaters recede.
Utility-owned facilities that remove contaminants from drinking water may be unusable if they’re inundated with floodwaters, according to Kevin Morley, a federal relations manager with the American Water Works Association who specializes in emergency preparedness.
But even if these facilities aren’t inundated, Morley told Bloomberg BNA, they may not have the power needed to run their pumps or an ability to get fuel for their generators.
Serious health problems can arise when a water utility loses power and its backup generators are damaged, according to Lara Zent, head of the Texas Rural Water Association.
Wastewater Backups Alan Roberson, head of the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators, said Texas’ drinking water treatment facilities may fare relatively well because these types of facilities are usually built on higher ground.
Morley said wastewater plants are designed with a bypass that allows water to flow directly through them during big storms that overwhelm their capacity.
Morley said Texas water officials will be able to rely on help from utilities in neighboring areas thanks to a program called the Water/Wastewater Agency Response Network, or WARN.
Additionally, EPA officials have been sent to Texas at the request of the state and are helping out in the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality’s drinking water phone bank, according to EPA spokeswoman Liz Bowman.

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